Form, Spirit and Character of Yixing teapots

Teapot by Sha Dahen

According to the legendary teapot Grand Master, Gu Zingzhou, the most essential qualities of a Yixing teapot are form, spirit and character. This was what he revealed in an article he wrote in 1988 through continuous research and striving for refinement over the past half-century in teapot making. If you understand these qualities of Yixing teapots as expressed by Gu, it will enable you to select a teapot which will not only serve you well, it can also bring you endless delight and satisfaction.

Designed and made by Gu

The first quality is Form. Form for a teapot means formal image which depends on the depth and dexterity of form building as well as individual form design. The arrangement of large surface, ie, the teapot body, must be clear and precise. The emphasis of each part, such as sprout, handle, mouth, base, foot, lid and knob must be clear. The direction of each component, from point to line to surface, must be clearly marked. The origin and development of each part, its traditions, its prominence, its metamorphosis and its contrasts must be well defined to obtain the depth of form styling. The formal quality of a work emerges with the satisfactory treatment of these points, lines and surfaces. The work is thus animated.

Teapots by Prof Pan

The second quality is Spirit. This is the "feeling" transmitted through the formal image of the teapot. When designing teapots one should not limit oneself only to the surface. One should devote attention to the three dimensional volume. All life originates from a center growing from inside to outside areas. The seed germinates, grows, and blossoms into colour. One has to imagine that the teapot shape is facing you, addressing you and expressing itself to you. This kind of form has a strong latent energy and this kind of work has life and spirit.

Teapot by an old master

The third quality is Character. The teapot should have a certain character. This is the quality of beauty contained in the form. Purple clay teapots are utilitarian products of art and craft. They are both daily utensils as well as items of decorative art, possessing an artistic quality. The products have to be beautiful. Since teapots are daily utensils, they have to combine aesthetic as well as practical qualities. They should be decorative as swell as practical in purpose. They are convenient to use and satisfying to appreciate. Their beauty can be felt in the routine of normal use. This is beauty in character, a healthy beauty, not a deceased quality.

Teapot by Xu Giankuo

Art in itself is feeling and affection. However, even the strongest feeling has to remain numb without knowledge of shapes, lines, volume and the solid basic training of pottery skills. A perfect work in itself is filled with a strong desire to be expressive and to affect people. Lines and surfaces are nothing else but signs of the inner truth. Our eyes penetrate the surface and reach to the heart. When we express a formal image, we enrich it with our latent character.

If a teapot possesses and harmonizes the three qualities of form, spirit and character, then it can be called a good piece of work. However, this is not easy to achieve, It requires solid basic skills, a rich experience in life, and well disciplined techniques. The potter has to understand and master clay material, techniques of shaping, firing and a series of complicated production processes. In short the art has to be precise, rustic, frank and has to express one's own feelings. To possess the qualities of form, spirit and character, one's work needs a manifest a rhythmic vitality, demonstrating a powerful artistic effect.

Made by Zhu Kexin

Gu Zingzhou was born in 1915 in Yixing, Jiangsu Province. He was a National Craft Master, a member of the the National Artist Association and a Senior Craft Master. Gu was one of the most outstanding potters in purple clay of our age. His teapots are very sough after in auction houses and prices of over ten millions RMB are not uncommon.

Gu with his student, Wang Yinxian

Gu's famous Monk's Hat teapot

Shi Xiaoma

A giant teapot

A globular-shaped teapot

Xu Bei Hong

Xu Beihong ( 徐悲鴻) was a renown artist from Yixing, Jiangsu province of China. He was well known for his  paintings of horses in Chinese ink. He was also good at painting epic Chinese themes in oil – a show of his high proficiency in an essential Western art technique. Xu is regarded as one of the few influential artists of modern China whose works are highly sough after in major auction houses.

Galloping horse in Chinese ink

There is an oil painting by Xu on display at the National Museum. He painted this painting during the 2nd World War. The painting was about a street performer doing a dance item to raise funds for war efforts. A soldier can be seen standing among a crowd of villagers.

Xu's painting on display in Singapore

Portrait of Xu Beihong

Wu Guanzhong Gallery

"The fundamental elements of formal beauty comprise form, colour and rhythm. I used Eastern rhythms in the absorption of Western form and colour, like a snake swallowing an elephant"
                                                                                    ------ Wu Guanzhong 1919 - 2010

Just visited the inaugural exhibition of  paintings of Wu Guanzhong  in the opening of the Wu Guanzhong Gallery at the National Gallery of Singapore. The exhibition is free until the end of this year, to celebrate SG50. Do visit the National Gallery as the exhibition offers an insight into the artist's prolific career, chronicling how his style evolved over five decades. Comprising about 80 pieces, the exhibition showcases key works from his practice. Many of these works, some on loan form museums in China and private collectors, are being shown public for the first time outside China.

Wu Guanzhong is one of the most significant artists of the 20th century in China. His distinctive style integrates Western and Chinese art traditions, setting a new direction for modern Chinese art.

The Wu Guanzhong Gallery showcases works donated by Wu and his family, within the larger context of ink history and aesthetics. The most valuable art donation ever made to Singapore museum to date, this is the largest holding of of his works in a public museum in the world.

Entry to the Wu Guanzhong Gallery

Wu belonged to a generation of Chinese painters who went to France to study in the 1940s. Trained in traditional Chinese ink and brush techniques as well as Western style oil painting, he developed an innovative approach that was a synthesis of both artistic traditions. His paintings are marked by colours and formal principles of Western art, but imbued with a distinctively Chinese spirit and fluidity.

While Wu is most celebrated for his landscapes, his paintings have explored various themes across the span of his career. From the late 1950s to the 1970s, he focused on adapting oil paintings to Chinese ink to express modern aesthetics. His early landscapes also gave way to graphic, nearly abstract works in the later stages of his life.

A towering figure in modern Chinese art, Wu is admired by many and remains an inspiration for young artists today.

If you can't go to the National Gallery of Singapore for whatever reasons, don't worry. I have captured most of the works on display and present them to you. Just enjoy them at the comfort of your home, over a cup of puerh, of course.

The horse gang 馬幫

Do you know how puerh tea was transported to the rest of the world in the early days?

As  there there were no ships and transport planes, the only possible means of transportation was via the horses' back. This gave rise to what is called the horse gang (馬幫) whose members were actively involved in the delivery of puerh tea to where it was needed. The horse gang was really a group of dedicated people who worked diligently and traveled thousand of kilometers to ensure that the tea reached its destination. Now you would appreciate why puerh tea had such unusual packaging, seven in a pile and 12 piles in a rectangular basket and each piece weighs 357g. All were made necessary so that the horses would survive the tedious journey.

In a typical tea expedition, hundreds of horses were employed to transport puerh tea across rugged terrain and mountainous regions from Puerh city to the north (Tibet) and to the south (Loas and Burma). Apart from horses, donkeys were also employed to carry the tea as donkeys were stronger, they ate less and complaint little. With so many animals involved in the process, workers were needed to supervise and take charge of the flock and the goods.

This journey normally took several months to a year before the job was done. Members of the horse gang had to endure unimaginable hardships and difficulties through out the journey. Not only they had to leave their love ones, they had to deal with the harsh weather conditions, the attack from wild animals and the ruthless robbers and also the corrupt officials that demanded bribes before letting the group to pass the border. It won't be surprise to know that some might not even survived the harsh journey and returned home safely.

The journey of the horse gang

Horses were used to carry the tea to its destinations

As the journey was a long one, there were resting places (Stations) every 20 kilometers along the way for the horse gang. Hotels were built to cater for the needs of this group of people. Some of these hotels are still around today in the Yunnan province and they are preserved to their original states for tourists to visit. If you happen to be in Yunnan, you can visit these places to find out how members of the horse gang lived their lives during those difficult times. If the group missed the stations, they had to stay overnight in the wild where attacks from wild beasts were not uncommon.

The inn where the group stayed overnight

Members of the horse gang passed through many villagers and towns. They had to direct and guard the horses to the final destination. Most often they had to travel on hard ground, roads that were just stone pavements. Today, one can still see these stone pavements inter-linking villages and towns in Yunnan.

Some of these ancient stone pavements had been trampled upon by members of the horse gangs for hundreds of years. The state of these rugged pavements seem to tell people the hardship and difficult lives of the people that ploughed through them for a living.

Outside the inn where the horse gang rested

The leader of the horse gang is known as Ma Kuatou, and was in-charge of the day-to-day operations of the group. He managed the external affairs  like dealing with the custom officials (paying taxes), fending off attacks from wild beasts and robbers, deciding when to stop overnight, etc. At the same time he was also responsible for the welfare of the animals and his fellow workers. He needed to look after the animals and his fellow workers when they were sick. He had to handle emotional problems that might arise form his mates. To be a leader, he had to be brave and strong, otherwise the horse gang would not be able to make the trip and return safely.

Simple furniture inside the inn

Items used by the horse gang on display

Generally members of the horse gang would rest where the tea was unloaded from the horses' back. Usually the tea in their baskets were rested on wooden structures, so the men would have to sleep underneath these structures. This could prevent the tea from being stolen by unscrupulous people around. You could imagine tea at that time was also a rare and expensive commodity. If not the horse gangs would not be commissioned to bring the tea to its destinations.

The leader of the horse gang would normally stay in the upper floor. His bed was also specially made in that there was a compartment when the mattress was unrolled. Why it was important that he slept on such a bed?

The bed for the leader

A secret compartment under the mattress

Usually the leader handled a large amount of cash and valuable. He knew that he was miles away from home and a lot of people and animals depended on him for survival. He could not afford to lose his money and valuables. As there was no safe for him to deposit such valuables, he had to hide it somewhere. The compartment under the mattress was an ideal place for safe-keeping of money and valuables. If anyone wanted to steal from him, he had to first roll him over before he could uncover the compartment and the things inside. In this way, the leader of the gang could have a good night sleep without worrying about losing his valuables.

Some of the things used by the leader

He drank tea from this funny utensil

Various Gods to pray for a safe journey

As there were so many uncertainties in the journey, he had to pray to many gods to ensure that no mishaps happened to him and the things under his charge. He was sure to be under tremendous stress when he took over the job as the leader of the horse gang. When one had to survive in those days, one had to be strong and courageous. Don't forget, in this world no one would promise you a free lunch.

Recently in the early 2000s, some people were trying to repeat this remarkable tea expedition of the horse gangs. They recruited many tea traders and employed hundreds of  horses to carry the tea through this ancient route. Guess what happened, only 2 horses survived the harsh journey and reached the destination.

Today when we sip our cups of fragrant puerh tea in the comfort of our homes, just remember its rich history and the people that contributed to its success.

7 pieces of puerh cakes in a bundle

One Piece (Zhi) contains 12 bundles